INFLUENTIAL FACTORS OF EXISTING PHYSICAL EDUCATION CURRICULUM AT DEGREE LEVEL: A CASE STUDY OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA

ABSTRACT The main purpose of the study was to assess the influential factors of existing physical education curriculum at degree level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The study consisted of the population, twenty-seven (27) physical education teachers and Five Hundred & Thirteen (513) physical education students, which were selected from Nine (09) randomly selected districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Survey technique was followed for the collection of required information. Appropriate questionnaire on Likert scale ranging from very much (VM) to Not at all (NAA) was developed and used after pilot testing checked through respondents of sampled colleges adopting a Cronbach’s Alpha method of reliability. The responses of the respondents were supported by (SPSS), version 24.0. Statistical techniques like, Independent sample t-test, regression and ANOVA were applied for analyses of collected data. It has also been found that factors like class size, daily schedule/time table, available infrastructure and teachers’ competency have significant influence upon teaching health and physical education. Based upon the findings, the researcher recommended that college administrator in collaboration with director colleges may bring manageable class size, allot adequate time for health and physical education classes, and provide required infrastructural facilities to impart the teaching experiences, observation and skills in a satisfying manner.


INTRODUCTION
1 Lecturer DSSPE Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar; Email Address: sohail.ss@suit.edu.pk 2 Lecturer DSSPE BZU, Multan: Email Address: 11.m.phill.2015@gmail.com are higher in economically developed countries, there are indicators of shortages and lack of equipment and maintenance in the college. College PE facilities are most be in available because widely used for recreational and / or community use after college hours.
The development of a rationale for the curriculum or a statement of educational philosophy is essentially a process of making the value orientation explicit. In this regard curriculum theorists (Lund & Tannehill, 2010;Smart et al., 2001) urge that responsible for designing curricula to clarify programmed philosophy in order that those involved in implementing curricula can intentionally support and achieve the desired goals.
It is evident from the history of physical education and sport pedagogy that generally two curriculum goals have predominated: health-related fitness and skillful movement (Lund & Tannehill, 2010). The author further states that these goals reflect primarily disciplinary mastery, and secondarily self-actualization. The task of the individual curriculum planner is to define fitness as a programmed objective, identify the fitness components of interest, set standards for educational achievement, and select appropriate assessment instruments (Fraser-Thomas et al., 2005& Gould et al., 2002. Movement goals usually include mastery of basic or fundamental motor skills and skillful performance of selected sport, dance, gymnastic or physical recreation activities. The particular activities elected vary in accordance with interests and resources in different communities, geographic regions, and ethnic cultures (Pill et al., 2012).

Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Innovation
Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2021 [100] This is the scientific age and research-based knowledge is added to each and every discipline.
The discipline of health and physical education too needs new and research-based knowledge.
In this regard, it is very much important to analyze the existing curriculum of health and physical education. This study is primarily aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of health and physical education curriculum at college level. Similarly, the researcher would analyze the influential factors with reference to the affective teaching of physical education in light of the views of concerned teachers and students in Government Degree Colleges of KP.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
It has been a matter of common observation that all aspects of life have been subject to modification and change. The field of physical education and sports sciences is not immune to these global changes that are posing new challenges. Hence, it is very much important to analyze the effectiveness of physical education curriculum with special reference to the growing demands. In this context, the researcher decided to work upon a study to assess the effectiveness and influential factors regarding existing physical education curriculum at government Degree College's level. This study was conducted at Government Degree College's in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. The researcher will address the situation with the help of appropriate questionnaire and the findings will provide base for providing recommendations in the betterment of health and physical education.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The influential factors of any educational program depends on a thorough understanding of the problems that inhibit its successful accomplishment. Therefore, the problems that were discussed in this study have the following importance. The study has significant contribution in the identification of the factors that affects quality of teaching physical education in  2. As the study was conducted in the province of KP, therefore; the generalizability of the findings in other provinces became limitation of the study.
3. The study at hand was focused on the curriculum of health and physical education at degree level. Therefore, the findings may not be generalized upon other levels i.e, school and university.
4. The collection of 100% responses from the sampled respondents was another limitation of the study.

DELIMITATIONS
1. The study at hand was primarily delimited to (09) randomly selected district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
2. The study was confined to a sample of n= 540 (teachers=27 and students=513) which was conveniently selected and included in the study.

Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Innovation
Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2021 [103] 3. Self-made questionnaire based on the researcher' personal observation, exiting literature and opinion of the physical education teachers was developed and used for the collection of needed information.
4. The study was facilitated by quantitative research method with cross-sectional survey.

METHODS AND MATERIAL
The researcher has adopted following procedures in order to assess the effectiveness of physical education curriculum and influential factors in teaching physical education a various college of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP).

Research Method and Data Collection Technique
Keeping into consideration, the present study was supported by quantitative research method with cross-sectional survey. Therefore, the researcher followed survey technique for collecting needed information.

Population of the Study
The population for this study comprised of teachers and students in degree colleges of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The researcher has confined his study only to boy's government degree colleges through the process of delimitation.

Sample and Sampling
Therefore, the researcher selected a representative sample from the whole population to collect more authentic and reliable information.
The population of this research study comprised on teachers and students of government degree colleges in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP). There are 26 districts in the province of KP in which the total number of male colleges is 97. As the study was concerned with vast

Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Innovation
Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2021 [104] number of population and it was unmanageable to contact all of them. Hence, the researcher has confined his study to a stipulated number of respondents through the process of sampling.
The researcher divided the province into three regions i.e., southern region, central region and northern region. A representative sample size was selected from each of the region. For this purpose, the researcher selected three (03) districts from each region and similarly, three (03) colleges from each district randomly for equal representation. Finally, twenty respondents (1 physical education teacher and 19 students) from each college were conveniently selected and participated in the study. Thus, a sample of 540 (physical education teachers= 27 and students= 513) was selected from government boy's degree colleges, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

Instrument and Instrumentation
The term instrument is used for assessing device whereas, instrumentation is the whole process of preparing device for the purpose of data collection (Wilkinson & Birmingham, 2003). The quality of instrument has significant role in collecting reliable information and the obtained conclusion are based on the information collected through instrument.

Data Collection Instrument
Based on the researcher's personal observation, related research articles, supervisor's suggestions and the opinion of the physical educationists as well as students, the researcher developed a questionnaire for the collection of required information. The detailed is given below.

Factors Affecting Health and Physical Education Curriculum Questionnaire (FAHPECQ)
Similarly, the second questionnaire was developed and used with the intention to assess the effects of different factors i.e., class size, daily schedule, equipment and facilities and teacher's competency with reference to the teaching existing health and physical education curriculum at college level in KP.

Validity and Reliability
Supervisor suggestions and expert's opinion of sports sciences and physical education and other disciplines were obtained to determine the Content Validity of the instrument. The reliability measures were assessed through Cronbach's Alpha and found .845 respectively.

Procedure of Data Collection
Prior to data collection, the researcher had obtained authority letter of the Head of the Department (HOD) to collect the data from the sampled college. The authority letter was then sent to all the principals of selected colleges in order to get permission as well as cooperation was sought in connection with the collection of data. Before distribution of the scale, the researcher verbally explained the purpose of his visit. Respondents were asked to carefully read the questionnaires, respond to all the statements included in the questionnaires and return the same within a week time. In this way, they were assured that the gathered information would be used for research purpose only.

DATA ANALYSES
With the intention of testing hypotheses, data collected were analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistical methods using the Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24.0.

H1 Class size has significant impact on teaching existing physical education curriculum
at degree level as perceived by the respondents.        The effect of different factors on existing physical education curriculum was not same because the F (3, 537) = 3.814, P < 0.05. The above table also indicated that descriptively the influence of Equipment and facilities is greater than the influence of class size, daily schedule, and equipment and facilities (2.81 > 2.70, 2.68 & 2.79). Accordingly, the most dominant factor

Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Innovation
Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2021 [110] which influenced teaching existing physical education curriculum at college was equipment and facilities. Hence the alternate hypothesis is hereby rejected.

DISCUSSION
The study has proved that both the teachers and students did not perceive a very positive impact on the existing physical education curriculum in the development and improvement of physical fitness. The researcher observed very little attention on practical of health and physical education. During contact with students, most of them replied that practical classes do not conduct on a regular basis. Physical education is practically oriented discipline in which proper emphasis may be given to both theory and practical classes (Kyriacou, 1997).
The researcher analyzed the responses of the population regarding the influence of class size upon seeking physical education and most of the teachers and students agreed that large student's size impede in achieving objectives of the course. It is evident from Gross (2009) (Gibbs & Simpson, 2005;Biggs, 2011). It is also concluded that the majority respondents perceived that large size of the class make difficulty for teacher in their communication process. The findings associate with the findings of Morgan and Hansen (2008) who have demonstrated that learning is a two way process and depends upon communication between teachers and taught. The author has further substantiated that the large size of the class create difficulties in the mutual communication between teachers and students, which ultimately hinders the effectiveness of teaching the quality physical education.
The allotment of sufficient periods for health and physical education is an intense problem at degree college level. The majority respondents perceived that improper time allocation for  [112] (2011) who stated that physical education teacher's knowledge, observation and experiences affects the quality of teaching health and physical education curriculum. In light of the above, Pianta et al (2005) has substantiated that teacher's knowledge, qualification, subject command and way of teaching are the determinants of effective teaching. Similarly, Cushion, Armour and Jones (2003) have stated that the better educated the teaching staff the better they able to impart their experiences with students.

CONCLUSION
The study was conducted to assess the influential factors of existing physical education curriculum and researcher also investigate the factors that affect teaching health and physical education at degree college level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The data shows that both the categories of respondents i.e., teachers and students considered health and physical education as an important subject for the overall development of students. It has been concluded that respondents (teachers and students) perceived that factors like class size, daily schedule/time table, available infrastructure and teachers' competency have significant influence upon teaching health and physical education. Uniformity in the perception was found with reference to the dominant effect of existing infrastructure in the shape of equipment upon teaching health and physical education curriculum at degree level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

RECOMMENDATIONS
1. The study has revealed that the large class size has a significant influence upon teaching health and physical education, therefore the researcher recommended that the college administrator in collaboration with director colleges may bring manageable class size to impart the teaching experiences, observation and skills in a satisfying manner.